Full title | Allegory of Justice |
---|---|
Artist | Luca Giordano |
Artist dates | 1634 - 1705 |
Series | Modelli for the Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Florence |
Date made | early 1680s |
Medium and support | Oil on canvas |
Dimensions | 99.9 × 96 cm |
Acquisition credit | Presented by the Trustees of Sir Denis Mahon's Charitable Trust through the Art Fund, 2013 |
Inventory number | NG6633 |
Location | Not on display |
Collection | Main Collection |
This modello, or detailed oil study, is one of a group of 12 that Giordano made in preparation for the ceiling frescoes in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in 1682–85. Ten of the modelli are in the National Gallery's collection, and this one represents one of the four Cardinal Virtues. First identified by the philosopher Plato, these were later adopted by the Roman Catholic Church. A different Virtue is depicted in each corner of the ceiling.
Justice, holding her scales and sword, is borne by an ostrich. To the right are Punishment, with his sword turned down, and Recompense. In the left-hand corner is the masked and serpent-tailed figure of Deceit. On the right are Strife, and Discord with his bellows. The flying figures above represent the rewards of Justice, from left to right: Order (with a shield and spear), Fame and Security.
This modello, or detailed oil study, is one of a group of 12 that Giordano made in preparation for the ceiling frescoes in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence in 1682–85 (ten of the modelli are in the National Gallery’s collection). This one corresponds with the group in the right corner of the barrel-vaulted ceiling, opposite the entrance of the grand Galleria and to the right of The Cave of Eternity.
The central figure represents Justice, one of the four Cardinal Virtues. These were first identified by the philosopher Plato, and later adopted by the Roman Catholic Church. One Virtue is depicted in each of the four corners of the Galleria and they form part of a continuous frieze of allegorical and mythological scenes. In the finished fresco, four of the Medici family depicted in the centre of the ceiling are also given attributes representing each of the Virtues.
Justice, carrying the scales and sword which are her traditional attributes, is borne by an ostrich. The connection between the flightless bird and justice was apparently first made by Raphael in his fresco in the Sala di Costantino in the Vatican Palace (1519–20). He seems to have been playing on ancient Egyptian beliefs that, after death, the fate of your soul was determined by weighing your heart against an ostrich feather.
To the right are Punishment, with his sword turned down, and Recompense, from whose cornucopia rewards pour out. In the left-hand corner, pinned down by the foot of the ostrich, is the masked and serpent-tailed figure of Deceit, who holds up a bunch of flowers in which a poisonous snake is concealed. Behind him is a net to ensnare the unwary. On the right are Strife, and Discord with his bellows. The flying figures above represent the rewards of Justice, from left to right: Order (with a shield and spear), Fame (winged and blowing a trumpet), and Security (holding an anchor and carrying a nest on her head, signifying that children may be reared in safety).
In the final fresco, the leopard against which Deceit leans is changed into a tiger. Giordano also altered the attitude of Justice so that she looks up towards Order instead of staring directly at her scales. He made similar changes to the postures of three of the four Virtues, presumably at the request of his patron, the Marquess Francesco Riccardi (only Fortitude keeps the same downward gaze as employed in the modello). The alterations to posture better suit the curvature of the ceiling and inject more energy and dynamism to the design, sending the eye up towards the centre of the room.
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Modelli for the Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Florence
This group of ten paintings was made by Giordano as a series of detailed oil studies (or modelli) for the ceiling frescoes in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, which are among the artist’s finest achievements. The modelli are part of a set of 12 (the other two are in private collections).
Nine of the paintings relate to the ceiling of the highly ornate Galleria, built to house a precious collection of antiquities and function as a public reception room. The other is associated with the ceiling of the adjacent Library. The overall theme in the Galleria is the elevation of mankind through Wisdom and Virtue, using allegorical and mythological figures to represent different strengths and traits. It culminates in a centrepiece which presents the wealthy Medici family as the paradigm of both these qualities.
Giordano seems to have worked up these modelli to clarify his designs and may have presented them to his client, the Marquess Francesco Riccardi, for approval before the frescoes were executed.
This group of ten paintings was made by Giordano as a series of detailed oil studies (or modelli) for the ceiling frescoes in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence. Begun in 1682 and completed in 1685, the frescoes are among Giordano’s finest achievements and appear to have been painted ‘a secco’ – that is, on dry rather than fresh (‘a fresco’) plaster. The modelli were originally part of a set of 12 (the other two are in private collections). Nine of them relate to the ceiling of the highly ornate Galleria and the tenth – the Allegory of Divine Wisdom – is associated with the ceiling of the adjacent Library.
Giordano seems to have produced preliminary oil sketches based on drawings, and then worked up more finished oil sketches to clarify his design. It was probably these that Giordano presented for approval to his client, the Marquess Francesco Riccardi (1648–1719), so that any required changes could be discussed before the frescoes were executed (some differences can be seen when we compare the modelli with the final frescoes). Others have suggested that these ten modelli were painted after the frescoes were completed, as ricordi (or visual records). Contemporary documents do make clear that the modelli were valued as finished works in their own right. The ten canvases in the National Gallery still have the original carved and gilded frames made for them in Florence in the 1680s, as they were clearly hung and on display at the Palazzo Medici Riccardi (where they remained until the early nineteenth century).
The Palazzo, which had originally been built by Cosimo de' Medici in the mid-fifteenth century, was bought in 1659 by the Medici’s friends and allies, the fabulously wealthy Riccardi family. They doubled the size of the original building, and the showpiece of the new extension on the west side of the palace was a splendid Galleria on the first floor, with a barrel-vaulted gallery and heavily gilded stucco decorations. Flooded with light from the south- and west-facing windows that line two of its sides, this room was intended to house a precious collection of antiquities and to function as a public reception room.
The frescoes in the Galleria were designed not only to impress Florentine society, but to flatter the Medici specifically; they were still the most powerful family in the city. Giordano’s adviser for the iconography of the ceiling was Alessandro Segni, a man of letters who had been Francesco Riccardi’s tutor and travelling companion. Between them, the three men devised the continuous frieze of interconnected scenes which runs around the lower part of the ceiling. The overall theme in the Galleria is the elevation of mankind through Wisdom and Virtue, using allegorical and mythological figures to represent different strengths and traits. It culminates in a centrepiece that presents the Medici family, elevated to the company of the gods, as the paradigm and embodiment of both of these qualities. Other themes, including particular virtues, the four elements, the cycle of life and death and the regenerative power of nature, are also woven into the visual narrative.
At the two short ends of the room are scenes representing human life (The Cave of Eternity) and industry and the arts (Minerva as Protectress of the Arts and Sciences). On the long sides are mythological figures and allusions to classical myths and legends. The Rape of Proserpine incorporates scenes of death, judgement, punishment and the afterlife, while the adjacent scene celebrates agriculture and fecundity. On the opposite long side of the ceiling, the modelli for which are in two different private collections, the triumph of the Roman gods Bacchus, Neptune and Amphitrite adjoins the Death of Adonis. In the corners of the Galleria are allegories of the four Cardinal Virtues: Fortitude, Justice, Prudence and Temperance.
Understanding the Galleria’s ceiling is not just about decoding the allegories, which are often complex and imprecise and are always open to different interpretations. Giordano’s great achievement in the frescoes was to fuse all these parts together into a vast swirling whole, remarkable for its lightness, transparency and sheer visual brilliance – vast areas of the ceiling are given over to blue sky and translucent white clouds. Though the modelli are darker, more static, on a smaller scale and divided into separate scenes, they are crucial to understanding the decorative scheme’s artistic development.










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