Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas, At the Café de Châteaudun

Two men seated at a corner table examine a newspaper. The figure facing us points to an article, which he reads through a small magnifying glass. His right wrist is clasped by his older, monocle-wearing companion, seen in profile.

Although we are placed close to them, as if we might overhear what is being said, the exact nature of their interaction is unclear – perhaps the central figure is pointing out a news item to his companion, who grips his arm in response. Degas seems more interested in the men’s poses and gestures than telling us who they are. Several preparatory sketches in one of his notebooks dating from 1867–74 show him exploring different poses for two similar men, both from the front and in profile, although no sketch corresponds to this painting.

This small picture is essentially a drawing on cream-coloured wove paper (mounted on canvas), which has been coloured in with essence. This is oil paint from which most of the oil has been removed with blotting paper, which is then diluted with turpentine to give the effect of watercolour. Pencil marks – some of which you can clearly see under the thinly painted newspaper and as a ruled line marking a vertical axis in the upper centre – indicate that Degas drew the scene first and that he also made changes to the poses. For example, the right arm of the older man originally curved round his chest, away from us. His companion’s right hand was initially drawn clenched, with his fingers curled under the table, but was repainted in a pointing gesture.

Degas gives greater attention to the hands than he does to the faces, which remain sketchy. These recall the caricatures of Daumier, whose work Degas admired and collected. Degas uses a limited range of colour – primarily thinly applied pale greys and yellows and more densely painted browns and blacks. Small touches of pure white highlight particular details and areas – the shirt collars and cuffs, the gleam of the magnifying glass, the newspaper and the table’s edge.

Dating from around 1869–71, this is an early example of Degas’s cafe or cafe-concert scenes, which became an important theme in his exploration of modern life subjects. Degas lived for most of his life in Montmartre, an area of Paris popular with artists, writers, actors and musicians. Cafes were an important part of Parisian social life, and also provided artists, including Degas, with a rich source of visual spectacle (such as cabaret), characters and ‘types’.

Avant-garde artists had their favourite venues. In the late 1860s Degas often accompanied Manet on his almost daily visits to the Café Guerbois. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1, Manet changed his allegiance to the Nouvelles Athènes, where Courbet had been a regular in the 1850s. Degas and other artists often joined him there every Thursday. Although not as celebrated as these two cafes, the Café de Châteaudun shown here was also a popular venue for artists.