The Utrecht painter Joachim Wtewael was among the most sophisticated of the Dutch Mannerists, as can be seen in his Judgement of Paris: the decorative colours and the contorted poses of the goddesses are characteristic of this style. Mannerism gave way to more naturalistic painting during the 17th century and the transition is evident in Wtewael’s realistically described animals and flowers.

In Roelandt Savery’s richly detailed compositions, the biblical or mythological story plays a minor part. It is the dramatic scenery and exotic wildlife that take centre stage. Savery’s work was important in the development of several genres, including landscapes, animal paintings and floral still lifes. Perfectly realised paintings of flowers became highly desirable at this time. While appreciated for their beauty and exquisite technique, such images sometimes also worked as vanitas images, reminding the viewer of the ephemeral nature of life.